Honeywell releases new Battery Safety Electrolyte Sensor to detect thermal runaway in EVs

Honeywell releases new Battery Safety Electrolyte Sensor to detect thermal runaway in EVs
Honeywell releases new Battery Safety Electrolyte Sensor to detect thermal runaway in EVs

Honeywell has released a new generation of battery safety sensors. The Battery Safety Electrolyte Sensor (BES) series is designed specifically for enhanced safety in lithium-ion battery on-road applications, and exceeds industry standards for performance and reliability, according to the company.

The new BES uses Honeywell’s proprietary Li-ion Tamer [clever!] electrolyte gas detection technology to identify “first vent” events. These events serve as early warning signs of potential battery malfunctions, enabling the system to issue alerts 5 to 20 minutes prior to a risk of fire.

The sensors can detect multiple gases released during thermal runaway, which minimizes the risk of false negatives. The integration process is facilitated by a rate of change algorithm, which eliminates the need for target gas threshold testing. This feature is designed to reduce integration costs and shorten project timelines.

SEE ALSO: Honeywell BES LITE sensor designed for non-automotive applications

The sensors incorporate the CAN communication protocol, and feature two operating modes, which can be selected via CAN commands. In Normal mode, the sensor operates at full functionality with active CAN communication. In Eco mode, CAN communication is disabled, which reduces power consumption by 60%—however, the sensor automatically reverts to Normal mode to send alarm signals to the Battery Management System (BMS) in the event of an alarm condition.

Source: Honeywell Sensing Solutions

Wolfspeed launches Gen 4 MOSFET for high-power applications

Wolfspeed launches Gen 4 MOSFET for high-power applications
Wolfspeed launches Gen 4 MOSFET for high-power applications

Silicon carbide device maker Wolfspeed has introduced its new Gen 4 technology platform, to simplify switching in high-power designs such as EV powertrains, renewable energy systems and battery energy storage systems.

Wolfspeed’s Gen 4 platform was designed to improve system efficiency and prolong application life, even in harsh environments, while helping to reduce system cost and development time. The technology aims to deliver performance enhancements for designers of high-power automotive, industrial and renewable energy systems.

Gen 4 delivers up to a 21% reduction in on-resistance at operating temperatures and up to 15% lower switching losses compared to the previous generation of products. It includes a short-circuit withstand time of up to 2.3 µS to provide an additional safety margin.

Wolfspeed’s Gen 4 products are available in 750 V, 1,200 V and 2,300 V nodes. There are options for power modules, discrete components and bare die products.  New product introductions, including additional footprints and RDSON ranges, will be available throughout 2025 and early 2026.

“Our Gen 4 platform will be delivered via our highly efficient 200 mm wafers, which will enable us to deliver products on a large scale and high level of yield,” said Wolfspeed Executive Chairman Tom Werner.

Source: Wolfspeed

Canada’s New Afton mine implements autonomous electric loaders 

Canada’s New Afton mine implements autonomous electric loaders 
Canada’s New Afton mine implements autonomous electric loaders 

The New Afton block cave mine in Canada has introduce autonomous electric loaders made by Sandvik, a Swedish company that offers products and services for mining and rock excavation.

Sandvik’s 18-ton autonomous loader—the Toro LH518iB—has been in service since mid-November at the mine, working in a designated test area.

The Toro LH518iB loaders are equipped with several features aimed at increasing production and safety in underground mining operations. Introducing automation and electrification will “enable New Afton’s operations to enhance cycle times and reduce heat, noise and greenhouse gas emissions at Canada’s only block cave mine,” the company said.

The rising demand for nickel, lithium and phosphates, as well as the fact that mines are generally located in remote areas, is fueling an increased desire for such automated machines, while stricter government mandates are necessitating a move from gas-powered to electric hardware.

Source: Sandvik

Kempower and Sprocket Power collaborate to deploy EV charging infrastructure microgrids   

Kempower and Sprocket Power collaborate to deploy EV charging infrastructure microgrids   
Kempower and Sprocket Power collaborate to deploy EV charging infrastructure microgrids   

Finnish EV charger manufacturer Kempower has partnered with Sprocket Power, a New York-based energy management and EV integration company. 

Using cloud-based facility management software, Sprocket Power microgrids integrate solar energy generation and battery storage to power EV chargers, reducing upgrade and utility costs.

One of the first joint projects of the two companies will be to provide EV charging at Sunrise Toyota and Sunrise Toyota North dealerships in New York State, where Kempower units will be incorporated into Sprocket Power microgrids.  

“This partnership with Sprocket Power enables us to offer a unique combination of smart charging technology and renewable energy systems, reducing both costs and environmental impact for our customers,” said Marcus Suvanto, Kempower VP of Sales.  

Source: Kempower

8 Key Takeaways from Tesla’s Q4 2024 Earnings Call

 

Tesla’s Q4 2024 earnings conference call was loaded with Elon Musk’s trademark swagger, big-time confidence, and bold predictions. From full self-driving (FSD) to humanoid robots, Musk painted a vision of a future where Tesla dominates not just the automotive sector but artificial intelligence and robotics. Here are the eight biggest takeaways from the call:

1. Tesla Model Y leads the entire industry

Musk started off by celebrating Tesla’s production and delivery achievements. “In Q4, we set a record and delivered vehicles at an annualized rate of nearly 2 million a year,” he said, emphasizing that the Model Y was the best-selling car of any kind globally. “That’s worth noting. Not just the best electric vehicle—the best vehicle of any kind on Earth, No. 1 was Model Y.” Tesla’s shareholder letter added, “we have made it even better, with the New [Juniper] Model Y now launched in all markets.”  

2. Full self-driving (FSD) is the key to Tesla’s future

Musk restated his long-standing belief that vehicle autonomy will be the biggest driver of Tesla’s value. “Autonomy is like 10X-ing,” the growth potential for Tesla, according to Musk. He also reaffirmed Tesla’s aggressive push toward deploying an autonomous ride-hailing network, stating, “We will be launching unsupervised full self-driving as a paid service in Austin in June.” He also mentioned that the rollout could include California as well this year.

3. Tesla could be the most valuable company in the world—by far

How far? Musk threw down the gauntlet — making perhaps his most audacious financial prediction yet: “I see a path. I’m not saying it’s an easy path, but I see a path where Tesla is worth more than the next top five companies combined.” He acknowledged the challenges ahead but insisted it would be an achievable goal, given the company’s rapid advancements in artificial intelligence, self-driving technology, and robotics.

4. FSD is not a toddler anymore — it’s growing up fast

Musk addressed ongoing skepticism about Tesla’s FSD progress, using this analogy: “If someone’s last experience with FSD was a toddler, they think it will be a toddler forever. But obviously, it’s growing up—it walks and talks now.” He reiterated his challenge to skeptics: “Try it. When’s the last time you tried it?”

5. The robotaxi revolution is coming

Tesla’s FSD advancements are leading directly to what Musk calls “the largest asset value increase in human history.” He explained, “A passenger car typically has only about 10 hours of utility per week. Once that car is autonomous, my rough estimate is that it is in use for at least 35, maybe 50 hours a week.” He emphasized that the same vehicle could be used for both people and cargo transportation, vastly increasing its value. That said, Tesla’s shareholder letter gave this timeframe: “Our purpose-built Robotaxi product – Cybercab – will continue to pursue a revolutionary ‘unboxed’ manufacturing strategy and is scheduled for volume production starting in 2026.”

6. Tesla’s future will be ‘ballistic’

Musk predicted that Tesla’s growth in the coming years will be exponential. “Things are really going to go ballistic next year and really ballistic in ‘27 and ‘28,” he said. He highlighted that Tesla is laying the groundwork for a manufacturing and AI revolution that will drive unprecedented expansion at the company. Tesla’s shareholder letter also forecasted big things in the short term: “2025 will be a seminal year in Tesla’s history.”

7. Tesla made $600 million from Bitcoin

Tesla’s Chief Financial Officer, Vaibhav Taneja, highlighted a significant financial gain from the company’s Bitcoin holdings. “Our net income in Q4 was impacted by a $600 million mark-to-market benefit from Bitcoin due to the adoption of a new accounting standard for digital assets,” he said. This marks one of the largest cryptocurrency-related gains in Tesla’s financial history — an interesting turn of events as the incoming administration pivots to a more Bitcoin-friendly future. 

8. Tesla’s new (cheaper) models are coming soon

Tesla’s shareholder letter notes, “Plans for new vehicles, including more affordable models, remain on track for start of production in the first half of 2025. These vehicles will utilize aspects of the next-generation platform as well as aspects of our current platforms and will be produced on the same manufacturing lines as our current vehicle lineup.” This approach, Tesla stated, will enable “more than 60% growth over 2024 production before investing in new manufacturing lines.”

Final Thoughts

If there’s one thing Musk made clear, it’s that Tesla is not slowing down. From FSD to Optimus, the company is betting big on vehicle autonomy and artificial intelligence. Whether Tesla can deliver on these aggressive timeframes remains to be seen, but one thing is for sure—Musk is as confident as ever. And as history has clearly demonstrated, betting against him is rarely a winning strategy.

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Co-founder of EVANNEX, Matt Pressman owns both a Tesla Model S and Model 3 and remains a long-term investor in TSLA stock. He’s written extensively about Tesla and his work has been published in CleanTechnica, InsideEVs, and Teslarati. He’s also appeared numerous times on Fox Business News and PBS to provide his views on Elon Musk and Tesla.

 

Is Your Model Y Eligible for a Front Camera Upgrade?

Is Your Model Y Eligible for a Front Camera Upgrade?
Is Your Model Y Eligible for a Front Camera Upgrade?

The Front Camera Retrofit: What We Know So Far

Tesla’s latest Model Y refresh (codenamed Juniper) now includes a front bumper camera, similar to what was introduced with the Cybertruck. However, new evidence suggests that Tesla may extend this feature to older Model Y vehicles as a possible retrofit option. Renown Tesla hacker @greentheonly recently uncovered a new AI4 Autopilot computer variant labeled “MY Reloaded,” which includes a new connector designed to accommodate a front bumper camera.

Additionally, this updated AI4 unit appears to have already been included in  older Model Y vehicles rather than the refreshed Juniper version. Notably, this newer unit lacks the second screen connector found in newer models but it does include some backward-compatible elements such as an integrated LTE modem and a USB 3.0 port instead of the USB-C found in the latest Teslas. This suggests that Tesla may be developing an upgrade path for existing Model Y owners who want to add the front bumper camera at a later date.

While there’s no official confirmation from Tesla yet, the presence of a dedicated bumper camera connector in this retrofit-friendly AI4 unit strongly suggests that a front camera upgrade could become a viable option in the near future.

So is your car eligible for this advanced new upgrade?  Well, the first step in determining your eligibility is identifying which version of Model Y you purchased.  Checkout the clues outlined below to find out more. Who knows? You may have lucked out!  

 

How to Identify Your Model Y Hardware Version

Before considering the front camera retrofit, owners should first determine whether their Model Y is equipped with Hardware 3 (HW3) or the newer AI4 (HW4) system. Tesla does not provide this information directly in its app or from within the vehicle, but there are several ways to uncover this information: 

 

OPTION 1:  Check Your Build Date:

If your Model Y was built in the U.S. after late May 2023, it likely has AI4. Older models built between 2020–early 2023 were equipped with the HW3 processing unit. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

OPTION 2: Check Your Camera Lenses:

All AI4 vehicles feature new red-tinted cameras. The front camera setup includes two red lenses and now one fake black lens, as Tesla removed the need for the third camera with it’s new and improved AI4 cameras.  Another option worth noting is that the HW4 repeater cameras also have a red tint to the lenses and feature a narrower turn indicator housing versus their HW3 counterparts, as shown below.

 

HW3 vs HW4 Autopilot Differences 

AI4 introduces upgraded electrical and wiring harnesses, enhanced processing power, and higher-resolution cameras. For example, the AI4 rear camera resolution is 1448×938, compared to HW3’s 1280×960, while the front cameras see a significant jump to 2896×1876.

Elon Musk has stated that AI4 is 3-5 times faster than HW3, though its full potential has yet to be unlocked. However, HW3 owners need not fear, as Tesla said it remains committed to supporting HW3, but the fact remains: AI4 will receive those major FSD updates ahead of the older hardware system. 

 

What This Means for Model Y Owners

For owners of older Model Y vehicles, this potential retrofit could provide an additional camera to enhance future FSD capabilities and improve overall system visibility. Those interested in pursuing this future upgrade should:

Determine Their Vehicle’s Hardware Version – Use the identification methods above to check whether you car operates on the HW3 or HW4 platform.

Monitor Tesla Announcements – Keep an eye on Tesla’s official communications and parts catalog updates for any official retrofit offerings.

Check with Service Centers – If Tesla rolls out an official retrofit program, service centers will likely be the one providing details on pricing and overall vehicle eligibility.  Given the known bugs uncovered in early AI4 processors, it is possible that these vehicles will become the first eligible recipients for any upgrades.  

As Tesla continues evolving its vehicles with new hardware and features, it’s becoming increasingly important for owners to stay informed about potential upgrade paths. Whether or not the front camera retrofit becomes widely available, understanding your Model Y’s hardware is key to making the most of Tesla’s advancements in Full Self-Driving technology

 

How Mercedes, Mini, and Cadillac Are Tackling EV Charger Anxiety

Image provided by Parkipidia ) 

As more drivers transition to fully electric vehicles (EVs)—with nearly 3 million making the switch in Europe and the U.S. last year—concerns are shifting. While “range anxiety” was once the primary worry, a new issue is emerging: “charger anxiety.”

A July 2024 Shell survey found that nearly six in ten EV owners in the EU would travel further just for a better charging experience. Recognizing this shift, automakers like Mercedes-Benz, Mini, and Cadillac are stepping up with innovative solutions to ease the stress of charging.

Smarter Charging Integration

Mini has partnered with tech company Parkopedia to enhance its in-vehicle charging data. Now integrated into Mini’s circular OLED display, this technology offers real-time charging station information, including nearby amenities.

“EV drivers often want to use their charging time productively,” said Parkopedia EV product manager Tom Clarke. “We provide data on nearby cafes, restrooms, and parks so drivers can plan their stops more efficiently.”

Cost Transparency: A Must-Have for EV Owners

One of the biggest frustrations for EV drivers is the uncertainty surrounding charging costs. Mercedes-Benz is addressing this by offering tiered pricing plans through its Mercedes me Charge platform, allowing customers to select tariffs based on their driving habits.

“This ensures costs align with personal charging behaviors, adding convenience and predictability for our customers,” said Eva Greiner, CTO for Mercedes-Benz’s charging unit.

Parkopedia’s dynamic pricing tool further simplifies the process by allowing drivers to compare rates from different providers in real time. Clarke emphasized that “we’re simplifying a complex process by standardizing data and integrating payment options directly into vehicles’ infotainment systems.”

Cadillac, which is leading GM’s EV push in Europe, is also prioritizing cost transparency. The Cadillac Charge app allows users to search for stations, plan routes, and pay for charging sessions seamlessly. With access to over 800,000 charging points across Europe, the app provides real-time data on pricing, availability, and charging speeds, helping drivers make informed decisions.

The Fast-Charging Dilemma

While EV satisfaction is high, the lack of fast-charging stations remains a major concern. A December report from the European Commission’s Alternative Fuels Observatory highlighted that expanding fast-charging infrastructure should be a top priority.

Mercedes-Benz is taking a proactive approach by building its own high-power charging network, aiming to roll out about 10,000 stations by the end of the decade. While these stations will be accessible to all EV brands, Mercedes customers will receive exclusive benefits, such as reservation options to reduce wait times.

The Future of EV Charging

For EVs to become the mainstream choice, charging must be easy, accessible, and stress-free. Automakers, tech companies, and infrastructure providers all have a role in ensuring chargers are available when and where drivers need them.

“Charging should be a positive extension of the brand, not a source of frustration,” said Greiner.

By investing in real-time data, cost transparency, and fast-charging networks, brands like Mercedes, Mini, and Cadillac are paving the way for a seamless EV ownership experience—one where ‘charger anxiety’ becomes a thing of the past.

 

Navigating the Ethical FSD Challenges Facing Us All

Tesla is once again making headlines with the release of its latest HW4 hardware package, dubbed “MY Reloaded.”  With the simultaneous addition of a front bumper camera (a feature previously reserved for the Cybertruck) this new AI4 processor considerably advances Tesla’s FSD capabilities, marking a pivotal moment in the company’s pursuit of autonomous driving.  The autonomous event horizon may now be here, or at least lurking immediately around the corner.  This news, while exciting, also reignites previously tabled conversations surrounding the ethical decision-making involved in a world where full-fledged autonomous navigation becomes the norm.

Tesla’s recent integration of a front bumper camera alongside upgraded FSD hardware does not come without an array of social challenges, however. Ethically speaking, enhancing a vehicle’s autonomous capabilities to these new-found levels intensifies the elephant in the room around machine decision-making and how future FSD systems will be forced to prioritize safety in split-second scenarios. Tesla’s advancements necessitate transparent communication about how these systems operate and make choices, fostering trust between the technology and its users.

As Tesla continues to push the envelope of what’s possible with self-driving technology, it compels us to reconsider the relationship between humans and machines. Trusting vehicles with greater autonomy involves not just technological readiness but also cultural acceptance. Drivers need to understand the capabilities and limitations of their vehicles to coexist safely on the roads.  And in a world where distracted driving continues to rise, we have to ask ourselves how much driver babysitting is too much.  Going full FSD turns trained drivers into passive passengers, which may or may not be fine, but we aren’t there yet.  As we continue to navigate the transition though, we still need smart, alert, and fully capable drivers. All of which begs the question, “Are we developing those, or are we enabling a new generation of mindless, inept drivers to flood our city streets?”  Until the machines have established a proven track record, are these nanny systems preventing people from being autonomous themselves as they sit behind the wheel?

There’s also an emotional component. For some, driving is more than a means of transportation; it’s an expression of freedom and control. As cars become more autonomous, finding the balance between human desire for control and the benefits of automation will be an ongoing dialogue. It’s quite possible that cars will eventually lack steering wheels and pedals.  And what happens then, when human input is no longer an option? 

Tesla’s ‘Reloaded’ FSD computer isn’t just about better hardware—it’s a catalyst that challenges us to think about the future of mobility, the ethics of artificial intelligence, and our own adaptability to change.  As we stand at this crossroads, one can’t help but feel a mix of anticipation and introspection. The journey toward fully autonomous vehicles promises unprecedented benefits—reduced accidents, increased accessibility, and environmental efficiencies. Yet, it also demands careful consideration of the implications for employment, urban planning, and personal freedom.

Tesla’s latest move with the “Model Y Reloaded” FSD computer exemplifies its ethos of pushing boundaries. However, the company’s quickly evolving technologies raises vital questions about inclusivity and support for existing customers. Balancing the march of innovation with the needs of a diverse society will be crucial for Tesla’s sustained success.

As the automotive world watches Tesla’s next steps, one thing is certain: the conversation about autonomous driving is no longer confined to what’s possible but extends to what’s responsible, ethical, and beneficial for all. The ‘Reloaded’ FSD processors are more than a technological milestone—they’re an invitation to engage with the future of transportation, a future that’s arriving faster than we might have imagined. 

Looking Beyond: The Dawn of a New Driving Era

So, where do we go from here? The integration of continuously evolving hardware capabilities sets the stage for even more groundbreaking innovations. As sensors become more sophisticated and AI algorithms more capable, the dream of a self-driving future inches closer to reality.

But perhaps the most profound impact lies not in the technology itself but in how it changes us. Embracing these advancements requires openness to new experiences and a willingness to redefine our relationship with machines. It’s a joint-venture journey of both technological and human evolution, and it’s worth pondering how each turn in this journey shapes the road ahead. As we adapt to these changes, we have the opportunity to advance not just our vehicles but the direction of progress itself. The future of driving isn’t just about arriving at a destination—it’s about the transformative experience we go through along the way—and it would appear, at least as far as FSD is concerned, that this transformative moment lies a little more than a step or two away.

It’s FINALLY Here! Model Y “Reloaded” Makes FSDreams a Reality

Tesla is once again pushing the self-driving envelope, and the laws governing such, with its latest Full Self-Driving (FSD) AI4 computer, potentially marking a pivotal moment in the company’s pursuit of autonomous vehicles. This new development, internally referred to as the “Model Y Reloaded” or “MY Reloaded” isn’t just an incremental update—it’s a full-fledged evolution of the hardware defining the capabilities of self-driving cars—across the entire Tesla lineup. 

Recently uncovered by ingenious Tesla hacker @greentheonly, the new AI4 processing unit appears to be a replacement or direct retrofit specifically for Hardware 4 (HW4) equipped Model Y vehicles. Unfortunately, this latest advance does not appear to provide an upgrade path for older Hardware 3 (HW3) models. 

At the heart of this advancement is the appearance of a standardized integration for a front bumper camera—a feature previously reserved for the Cybertruck—facilitated by a dedicated connector on the new AI4 computer module. This isn’t merely an additional lens; either, this new capability expands the vehicle’s perceptual horizon. By capturing low-lying obstacles and objects in close proximity—areas that higher-placed cameras often overlook—the front bumper camera augments the car’s ability to navigate more complex environments with greater precision.

Imagine driving through congested urban streets, where unpredictability lurks around every corner. The enhanced perception could allow Tesla vehicles to detect subtle changes in the environment, from small debris on the road to nuanced gestures from pedestrians. This new hardware is not just about seeing the road ahead, but interpreting that road in much richer detail.

 

Beyond the front bumper camera, the “Model Y Reloaded” upgrade introduces several other hardware changes as well, notably:

Integrated LTE Modem: Departing from the design where the modem is embedded within the Telematics Control Unit (TCU), this version includes a standalone cellular modem that can enhance OTA and intervehicle connectivity, improving data redundancy and communication speeds throughout Tesla’s network.

USB 3.0 Port: Interestingly, the unit retains a USB 3.0 port instead of transitioning to USB-C, suggesting a deliberate choice by Tesla engineers to maintain a backward compatibility with older Model Y configurations. It’s a nod to existing customers, ensuring that new advancements don’t render their vehicles obsolete.

Service Replacement and Catalog Updates: Labeled as a serviceable replacement part, the “Reloaded” unit has now become the sole AI4 option in the Model Y electronic parts catalog. This suggests Tesla’s intention to streamline its hardware offerings and possibly address issues found in earlier HW4 computers that stymied previous promises of FSD capabilities. 

 

A Solution to HW4 Challenges?

The timing of the “Model Y Reloaded” release raises intriguing possibilities. Tesla recently faced recalls of its original AI4 computers due to hardware and software glitches. This new FSD computer appears to be Tesla’s response—a refined unit that actually pushes the overall hardware capabilities even further. By providing a retrofit option for existing HW4 vehicles, Tesla is demonstrating its commitment to continuous improvement while keeping existing customers in the loop.  It’s refreshing to see companies like Tesla focusing on both new and old customers alike.

There’s also some bad news though:  The form factor of this new module is notably different than that of the HW3 found in earlier vehicle architecture. While HW4 showcases Tesla’s rapid advancements, it also highlights a gap in the upgrade path for older models. The new unit lacks backward compatibility with HW3 vehicles, leaving a substantial portion of the Tesla fleet without a clear route to the latest autonomous features.

It’s not all bad news, however, as Tesla said it remains committed to its original plans for eventually upgrading HW3 to FSD. However, some fear that the release of HW4 suggests that such an upgrade isn’t as imminent as once thought. That is not to say Tesla won’t one-day release the highly sought after HW3 update, but as it stands, this latest news raises questions about Tesla’s true long-term support strategy (promise?) and how it plans to balance innovation with retroactive inclusivity.

 

Broader Implications for Tesla’s Autonomous Vision

The ‘Reloaded’ FSD computer certainly enhances Tesla’s hardware capabilities for more tackling more sophisticated software algorithms, enhanced machine learning integration, and ultimately, a safer and more reliable FSD experience.

These latest developments translate to increasing pressure on competitors to accelerate their own developments. As Tesla raises the bar, it fosters a more dynamic industry environment where innovation becomes the currency of success. Consumers stand to benefit from this technological arms race, with faster industry-wide access to cutting-edge improvements in FSD safety and performance.

Download: Connector trends for next-generation vehicle data

Download: Connector trends for next-generation vehicle data
Download: Connector trends for next-generation vehicle data

Automotive consumers demand more personalization, autonomy and connectivity from their driving experience. To make this a reality, connectivity plays a pivotal role in vehicle innovation design requirements.

The next generation of vehicles needs more cameras to support advanced driver-assistance system (ADAS) and autonomous driving (AD) functionalities.​ The cameras need to be smaller in size while also providing a higher resolution for more detailed views for the driver. For these newer compact yet powerful cameras, the connectors used will be required to support higher bit rates while also offering a new level of physical integration into the device itself.

Download the trend paper to learn about the future of vehicle technology and the connectivity solutions that enable this evolution of superior mobility.